RESEARCH_01

Defferentiate Client Server System and Peer to Peer System

Client/server describes the relationship between two computer programs in which one program , the client, makes a service request from another system, the server, which fulfills the request. In a network, the client/server model provides a convenient way to efficiently interconnect programs that are distributed across different locations
Another structure for a distributes system is the peer - to peer (P2P)system model. In this model, clients and servers are not distinguished from one another; instead, all nodes within the system may act as either client or a server, depending on whether it is requesting or prividing a service.
In client server system , the server is a bottle neck; but in a peer-to peer system, services can be provided by several nodes throughout the network.


Defferentiate Symmetric Multiprocessing and Asymmetric Multiprocessing

In asymmetric multiprocessing (ASMP), the operating system typically sets aside one or more processors for its exclusive use. The remainder of the processors run user applications. As a result, the single processor running the operating system can fall behind the processors running user applications. This forces the applications to wait while the operating system catches up, which reduces the overall throughput of the system. In the ASMP model, if the processor that fails is an operating system processor, the whole computer can go down.

Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) technology is used to get higher levels of performance. In symmetric multiprocessing, any processor can run any type of thread. The processors communicate with each other through shared memory.


Goals/Purpose of Operating System

An operating system provides an environment for the execution of programsby providing services needed by those programs.

The services programs request fall into five categories
1. Process Control
2. File System Management
3. I/O Operation
4. Interprocess Communication
5. Information Maintenance

The operating system must try to satisfy these requests in a multi-user, multi-processenvironment while managing
• Resource allocation
• Error Detection
• Protection


Advantages of a Parallel System

In terms of disproportionality, Parallel systems usually give results which fall somewhere between pure plurality/majority and pure PR systems. One advantage is that, when there are enough PR seats, small minority parties which have been unsuccessful in the plurality/majority elections can still be rewarded for their votes by winning seats in the proportional allocation. In addition, a Parallel system should, in theory, fragment the party system less than a pure PR electoral system